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  Solidago rugosa  Mill.

Rough-stemmed goldenrod.....

     
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Perennial.  Typical height is from 3 to 5 feet.  Colony-forming from long, creeping rhizomes.  Stems are usually densely pubescent throughout, often with rough hairs.  However, plants with sparsely pubescent to nearly glabrous stems may be found (infrequently).

Inflorescences are ± open, with numerous, ascending to widely spreading and recurved branches.  Branch leaflets, though smaller than stem leaves, tend to be conspicuous.  Flower heads are crowded and arranged one-sided on branches.

Flower heads are radiate.  Ray and disc floret corollas are bright yellow.

Basal and lowermost stem leaves are typically deciduous by flowering.  Mid- to upper stem leaves are numerous and crowded, larger toward the base of the stem, but only gradually becoming smaller upwards.  Leaves are characterized by sharply toothed margins, long, slender tips, and a "networked" (reticulate) pattern of veins (alternatively described as "feather-veined").  Stem leaves commonly lack petioles, or have extremely short petioles.

Plants of fields, roadsides, thickets and woods.  Flowers late August through September.  Native.

Two subspecies and three varieties of Solidago rugosa have been described for our region:

Solidago rugosa Aiton ssp. aspera (Aiton) Cronquist
      Solidago rugosa
Aiton var. aspera (Aiton) Fernald

Solidago rugosa Miller ssp. rugosa
      Solidago rugosa
Miller var. rugosa
      Solidago rugosa
Miller var. sphagnophila C.Graves

Similar species:  Solidago ulmifolia, Solidago latissimifolia.

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